13. Europe

13.1.1. Previous Work
13.1.2. What Is Different about the European Region?

13.1.2.1. Geography, Population, Environment
13.1.2.2. Economy
13.1.3. Recent Climate Variability in Europe, including Recent Warming

13.1.3.1. Temperature
13.1.3.2. Precipitation
13.1.3.3. Extreme Events
13.1.3.4. North Atlantic Oscillation
13.1.4. Key Sensitivities to Climate and Weather Now

13.1.4.1. Extreme Seasons

13.1.4.1.1. Exceptionally hot, dry summers
13.1.4.1.2. Mild winters
13.1.4.2. Short-Duration Hazards
13.1.4.3. Coastal Squeeze
13.1.5. Climate Scenarios for the Future

13.1.5.1. Scenario Provision
13.1.5.2. Scenarios for Europe

13.1.6. Socioeconomic Scenarios for Europe

13.2. Key Regional Concerns

13.2.1. Water and Land Resources

13.2.1.1. Water Resources

13.2.1.1.1. Changes in hydrological cycle
13.2.1.1.2. Water management
13.2.1.2. Soils and Land Resources

13.2.1.2.1. Soil physical properties
13.2.1.2.2. Land degradation processes
13.2.1.2.3. Biologically mediated soil properties
13.2.1.3. Coastal Zones
13.2.1.4. Mountains and Subarctic Environments
13.2.2. Semi-Natural Ecosystems and Forests

13.2.2.1. Forests

13.2.2.1.1. Growth trends
13.2.2.1.2. Disturbance regimes
13.2.2.2. Grasslands and Rangelands
13.2.2.3. Freshwater Ecosystems: Inland Wetlands, Lakes, and Streams
13.2.2.4. Biodiversity and Nature Conservation
13.2.2.5. Migratory Animals
13.2.3. Agriculture and Fisheries

13.2.3.1. Agriculture
13.2.3.2. Fisheries

13.2.3.2.1. Freshwater and marine biodiversity
13.2.3.2.2. Fisheries and aquaculture productivity

13.2.4. Other Impact Areas

13.2.4.1. Energy
13.2.4.2. Insurance
13.2.4.3. Industry and Transport
13.2.4.4. Tourism
13.2.4.5. Migrations
13.2.5. Human Health

13.2.5.1. Thermal Stress and Air Pollution
13.2.5.2. Vector-Borne Diseases
13.2.5.3. Water-Related Diseases
13.2.5.4. Food-Borne Diseases
13.2.5.5. Health Implications of Floods

13.3. Adaptation Potential

13.3.1. Water
13.3.2. Soils
13.3.3. Ecosystems
13.3.4. Agriculture

13.3.4.1. Short-Term Adjustments
13.3.4.2. Long-Term Adaptations

13.3.5. Coastal Regions

13.4. Synthesis

13.4.1. Key Impacts
13.4.2. Uncertainty
13.4.3. Research Needs
13.4.4. Regional Issues

13.4.4.1. Extreme Events
13.4.4.2. Subregional Impacts
13.4.4.3. Sustainability and Equity

References

Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz (Poland) and Martin L. Parry (UK)

Lead Authors:
W. Cramer (Germany), J.I. Holten (Norway), Z. Kaczmarek (Poland), P. Martens (The Netherlands), R.J. Nicholls (UK), M. Öquist (Sweden), M.D.A. Rounsevell (Belgium), J. Szolgay (Slovakia)

Contributing Authors:
N.W. Arnell (UK), G. Balint (Hungary), M. Beniston (Switzerland), G. Berz (Germany), M. Bindi (Italy), T.R. Carter (Finland), S. des Clers (UK), H.Q.P. Crick (UK), A.F. Dlugolecki (UK), T. Dockerty (UK), M. Gottfried (Austria), G. Grabherr (Austria), A. Guisan (Switzerland), M. Hulme (UK), P. Imeson (Netherlands), J. Jenik (Czech Republic), A. Jordan (UK), A. Kedziora (Poland), S. Kovats (UK), S. Lavorel (France), M. Livermore (UK), J. Lowe (UK), J.P. Martinez Rica (Spain), U. Molau (Sweden), I. Nemesova (Czech Republic), J.E. Olesen (Denmark), J.P. Palutikof (UK), H. Pauli (Austria), A.H. Perry (UK), L. Ryszkowski (Poland), S.A. Shchuka (Russia), A.Z. Shvidenko (Austria), S. Tapsell (UK), J.-P. Theurillat (Switzerland), A. De la Vega-Leinert (UK), A.A. Velichko (Russia), L. Villar (Spain)

Review Editors:
M.J. de Seixas (Portugal) and S. Kellomäki (Finland)

Other reports in this collection

13. Europe

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