IPCC WGI THIRD ASSESSMENT REPORT - (TAR)
GOVERNMENT/EXPERT REVIEW - APRIL-JUNE 2000
COLLATED GOVERNMENT COMMENTS 
GENERAL

General Comments
There is a need for consistent terminology and definitions throughout the report, e.g. in Chapter 9 coupled GCMs are termed CGCMs whereas in Chapter 10 they are AOGCMs and in Chapter 12 they are OAGCMs.   There is also considerable potential for confusion in the use of the terms 'this century', 'next century' etc.  Specific references would avoid this confusion.

We encourage the authors to balance the predominantly Northern Hemisphere perspective with additional references to Southern Hemisphere experience and scientific findings, and to be specific within the text and figures about the geographic relevance of  scientific findings.

The definition of climate change that is included as a footnote in the SPM should be repeated at appropriate places throughout the WGI document to remind readers of the difference in definition between the IPCC and the FCCC.  It also needs to be made clear that this is the same definition as used in the SAR - otherwise people will wonder why IPCC is now departing from the well accepted definition of the Convention.  Further, it is important to ensure that the definition is consistently applied throughout the report  – this is not currently the case.

The report would have more impact and be more readable if the key messages of each chapter and section of the report could be brought out in the early parts of the relevant sections and chapters. For example, in the style of the SPM for the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. 
Australia (Gov.)

General Comments
I propose to add the list of acronyms at the end of each volume of TAR. Maybe it has been already decided to do so, I am not sure.
Slovenia (Gov.)

General Comments
Extreme weather events:
In the Technical Summary (p.10, line 26-30), the conclusion about increase in heavy and extreme events needs more clarification.  It gives the impression that heavy precipitation events are increasing, with or without an increase in precipitation total. Heavy precipitation is not observed to be increasing generally over North America.  The Canadian study of Mekis and Hogg (1999) (Atmosphere-Ocean, vol 37, p. 53-85) actually found that the proportion of heavy events has decreased by 4 % since 1910 in southern Canada.  Increases in precipitation are not necessarily due to extreme precipitation either.  Akinremi et al (1999)(J. of Climate, vol 12, p. 2996-3003) has found an increase in precipitation events in the Canadian prairies mainly in the number of low-intensity events.   Zhai et al. (1999)(Climatic Change, vol. 42, p. 203-218) also found no significant trends in extreme precipitation events for China as a whole.  

The use of models:
The conclusion of discernible human influence is based largely on climate model estimation of internal climate variability and enhanced greenhouse effect. Climate models are still under improvement and any conclusions based on model outputs are subject to modification with better models.  In addition, although climate models are sophisticated tools, our association of model outputs with observation as evidence is circumstantial at best, with a possible risk of circular logic.  See Rodhe et al (2000) (Climatic Change, Vol. 44, p. 419-422).  This is in addition to the uncertainties of models (P.28, line 55, Technical Summary), and it would be wise to be more cautious in our conclusion to include the possibility of error.
Canada (Gov.)

General Comments
Throughout the entire Report, delete all projections of future climate change (temperature, sea level, etc.) that are based on emissions scenarios other than the complete range of the six illustrative emissions scenarios set forth in the IPCC’s Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES).  In no circumstances should a single emissions scenario be the basis for any projection of future climate change.

Reasons:  The SRES is the most recent set of emissions scenarios developed by the IPCC.  There is no justification for the IPCC to present climate change projections based on the IS92 emissions scenarios or any other scenarios.  From time to time, portions of the Report contain climate change projections based on a single emissions scenario, such as IS92a.  This was not acceptable practice under the former IS92 emissions scenarios, and it is not acceptable practice with respect to the SRES scenarios.  The SPM of the SRES states (page 11):  “It is recommended that a range of SRES scenarios with a variety of assumptions regarding driving forces be used in any analysis.  The six scenario groups – the three scenarios families A2, B1, and B2, plus three groups within the A1 scenario family, A1B, A1FI, and A1T – and four cumulative emissions categories were developed as the smallest subsets of SRES scenarios that capture the range of uncertainties associated with driving forces and emissions.”  The SPM of the SRES continues:  “There is no single most likely, ‘central,’ or ‘best-guess’ scenario, either with respect to SRES scenarios or to the underlying scenarios literature.”    
Saudi Arabia (Gov.)

General Comments
One of the front pages of the SAR says that one should not simply refer to IPCC (1995) or the editors when citing information from a separate chapter. Please follow this guideline as far as possible. There is also inconsistency between chapters, e.g. the reference list of Chapter 9 contains IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995) and Kattenberg et al. (1996), whereas Chapter 10 mentions both Houghton et al. (1996) and IPCC (1996). 
The Netherlands (Gov.)

General Comments
General Comments on the Report as a Whole
We want to make several points that apply across the entire text. These items of general concern include the following:

a)	With respect to the content and structure of the report (and this is evident in the organization of the SPM and the Technical Summary particularly), the report devotes a much larger fraction of the text to reporting on past changes as compared to providing information about how the future is projected to change. We believe readers will be very interested in what is projected to happen and it would help to have more coverage of such issues in the chapters and to have the summaries cover these points earlier in the text. 

b)	The text needs to more clearly articulate the advances that have been made since the Second Assessment Report. It is essential to indicate how this assessment has added value to earlier assessments—this report is quite lengthy and so should be adding significant new value, but this is not always self-evident. As one example, the change in the range of expected temperature change from 1 to 3.5oC in 1995 to 1 to 5oC (actually, there are a few different ranges given across the report) is particularly important, but this is not explained in the SPM or Technical Summary. Is this 50% increase in the upper limit all due to scenario changes, or have there been some physics advances or corrections (e.g., the Canadian model result for IS92a seems to be above the bounds estimated in the 1995 report—why is this?). As another example, the text should address the question of whether the 15% change in the radiative forcing associated with a CO2 doubling is important or just a recalibration. In general, the text contains a lot of description about what has been done, but not enough summary statements of the results and why they are different or important.

c)	The Summary for Policymakers, the Technical summary, and even, in some cases, the chapters do not adequately treat limitations that exist in scientific understanding. While there is a need to paint a clear picture, the text exhibits a tendency to overstate levels of certainty and underplay the legitimate disagreements that do exist. It will not help to underplay uncertainties, just as they should not be overplayed. As one example, while the report treats a range of climate sensitivities and emissions scenarios, it does not seem to treat a range of carbon cycle uncertainties (e.g., the ranges of what could happen to fertilization, etc.). The radiative forcing chapter describes the “Level of Scientific Understanding (LOSU)” in four levels—this approach might prove useful for the volume as a whole. It would also be useful to indicate how uncertainties (or LOSU) have changed since the last assessment.

d)	It would be very valuable to have diagrams indicating how scientific understanding is advancing, how uncertainties are changing, and how and why IPCC projections are changing over time. There is significant confusion about how and why the IPCC projections have changed since 1990, and this needs to be illustrated and explained.

e)	It was also frustrating to have figures that were key to the chapters located only in the Technical Summary and then not repeated in the chapters. The chapters need to be able to stand alone and have all the relevant figures. The key ones should also appear in the Technical Summary and even the SPM without then eliminating them from the chapters.

f)	Because they are mentioned so often, this report needs to provide an overview of the SRES (marker) scenarios. It cannot be assumed that the broad audience will simply go back to that volume—this volume needs to stand on its own.

g)	The volume needs to better explain how the IPCC generates its summary results, going from the emissions scenarios to concentrations to GCMs to simplified models that then run a multitude of cases, etc. It is not always obvious how the authors go from emissions scenarios to projections and which tools are used for what. There seems to be a good deal of confusion, for example, about whether the 1% per year increase in CO2 is a realistic projection or simply a good calibration run for simplified models, and if the latter, how close the calibration runs need to be to be effective.

h)	There needs to be significant effort devoted to developing cross-linkages between chapters (and with chapters in the other IPCC Working Group reports). There are quite a number of places where the lack of connection gives an indication of incompleteness and inconsistency or where something is covered in a way that seems to obscure the results (e.g., chapter 10 has a box on the effects of climate change on hurricanes, yet the chapter claims to be purely methodological). 

i)	All chapters need to indicate the most critical limitations impeding their analyses as a start to indicating what areas are most in need of attention by researchers. Laying out the set of most critical research needs has been an IPCC effort in other assessments and is needed here, even if only in the conclusions of each chapter.

j)	With respect to the research advances and future needs, there is very little connection indicated to the many national and international research efforts. It is as if the research just happens rather than emerging from the collaborative research programs, and not coupling the research needs to the international research programs gives no indication of how the research needs are being or need to be addressed. While this volume is indeed about the scientific findings, connecting the research needs better to the structure that is making research happen is important if IPCC expects to be effective in advancing the science. In this regard, it is important to recognize that the audience for the research chapter and sections is the set of research managers for the various nations and international programs.

k)	The style of the Executive Summaries of the various chapters is quite different. Some have many one-line bullets while others have a few major points expanded upon. There are many variations. We believe that the Executive Summaries should generally have only several key points so that a person can capture and repeat them (Chapter 10, which has virtually no results, yet indicates that over 20 are key messages). Each major point should be supported, as appropriate, by subsidiary points and some explanatory text. What is critically important is that the points are crisp and informative and the Executive Summaries must clearly describe the uncertainties.

Comments on Specific Chapters
Most chapters are in quite good shape and we offer suggestions and comments that we believe can further improve them. However, we believe several chapters will need substantial strengthening before they can meet the high standard expected of IPCC assessments.
 
a)	Chapter 1 needs to be revised to provide a lead in to the set of chapters in this report. While the technical summary will provide a summary of the result, Chapter 1 should be providing a lead-in to the volume, explaining why each chapter is there and the major issue that it is designed to address.

b)	Chapter 10 on “Regional Information” is a new chapter that presents mostly methodological information. While the materials in this chapter may be of interest in an academic setting, without substantial discussion of the regional character of the model results indicating and explaining areas where they agree and disagree, the chapter seems a bit superfluous in a report that is already quite long.

c)	Chapter 11 on sea level rise provides a good discussion of the processes that affect sea level. However, the expert reviewers from the United States strongly believe that the scenarios and reported results must be changed (1) to reflect a much greater degree of uncertainty regarding the likely behavior of ice sheets and (2) to increase the likely contribution of small glaciers to sea level.  The current draft’s high estimate for the Antarctic contribution is much lower than the high estimate implied by the two expert panel assessments that have been published, and needs to be increased by 10-20 centimeters.  The range of sensitivities for the Greenland contribution needs to be much wider to deal with the disparity between modeled and empirical observations of the relationship between global temperature and Greenland precipitation, as well as several uncertainties regarding ice dynamics.  The estimates of the small-glacier contribution are too small, because they do not deal with the historic or future contributions from small glaciers in Antarctica, which occur on a scale too small to be reflected in the models of Antarctic ice sheets. The United States is aware that altering the results will require some effort; but for the IPCC scenarios to genuinely reflect the existing state of scientific uncertainty and understanding, those changes are necessary.

d)	Chapter 13 on “climate change scenario development” is also quite focused on methodology and contains few results. It is almost more an appendix than a chapter that is vital to the flow of the document. While helpful in explaining some of the issues that must be considered, this chapter does not seem to provide the linkage from emissions to concentrations to climate change results that we believe would make this a valuable component of the volume. Other than the research needs chapter, this is the concluding chapter that should be providing the lead in to WG II, but it is disappointing in this regard. 

e)	Chapter 14 needs refinement so that it better related to the research needs identified in the earlier chapters and to better lay out a set of priorities.

f)	The Technical Summary will need to be updated to reflect changes in the chapters, and then the SPM updated to reflect changes in the chapters and Technical Summary.
USA (Gov.)